By Michael Fine

For the Salisbury Post

Spring has presented some obstacles for tomato crops across the central piedmont of North Carolina. Warm temperatures at the beginning of April coaxed many gardeners to set plants out earlier than normal in hopes of an early harvest.

Without protective covers over the plants, many gardeners suffered frost damage as a cold front moved into the Piedmont in late April. For tomato plants that were transplanted from mid to late May, last week’s storms brought massive amounts of rain, creating saturated soil that persisted for several days and drowned root systems in low-lying areas. These environmental pressures are not unusual for this time of year, which is why growers should plan their vegetable production system to withstand the most challenging of conditions.

 

Here are some tips to growing tomatoes that will help your plants thrive:

 

Site selection and soil

 

When selecting a site to grow your tomato plants, think about the plant’s natural history and try to model your garden plot to fit their native environment. For tomatoes, which originated throughout the Andes Mountains of Central and South America, this means selecting a site that resembles a well-drained, upland habitat that receives full sun. Tomatoes prefer sandy-loam soils with a PH of 6.0-6.8. If you are growing tomatoes in heavy clay soils, then consider adding compost to break up the clay particles and allow for better moisture and nutrient holding capacity.

 

Nutrient requirements of tomatoes

 

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, known as “primary nutrients,” are the three main ingredients in most fertilizers and are vital to tomatoes. Plant growth and chlorophyll production depend on nitrogen, while phosphorus helps tomatoes grow and cope with stress while aiding in energy production. Potassium fights disease, improves tomato quality and is also important to photosynthesis. These nutrients leach from the soil as tomatoes grow, so you want to add continuous, small dosages for maximum absorption.

 

Tomatoes need “secondary nutrients” to compliment the primary nutrients. They are calcium, magnesium and sulfur and are needed in lesser amounts than the primary nutrients. Calcium improves cell health, protecting against diseases and bruises. Tomatoes with higher levels of calcium are also more nutritious. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll both rely magnesium, which helps their overall quality. Sulfur is needed for proteins and amino acids; a deficiency in magnesium and sulfur harms growth and causes yellow leaves.

 

Tomatoes need micronutrients too. They are zinc, iron, boron, chloride, molybdenum, copper and manganese. Molybdenum helps tomatoes efficiently use nitrogen, while zinc helps regulate growth and promotes proper sugar consumption. Boron assists tomatoes in making use of nutrients and is also essential to the development of fruit and seeds.

Most store-bought fertilizer blends consist of the three main macro-nutrients while specialized blends of secondary and micro nutrient can be purchased through greenhouse industry suppliers. For individuals who wish to improve soil structure and amend their soils organically, composting is key. As organic matter breaks down, many of the nutrients needed to support plant growth are released into the soil. Nitrogen can be applied organically through the breakdown of manures or the intercropping of nitrogen fixing legumes such as clovers.

 

Trellising is key

 

There are many ways to correctly trellis your tomato plants. Cages, trellising lines hung from an overhead structure, or stake and string methods have all proven to work well. For determinate tomatoes which grow to a “determined” height and produce their full crop load in a short period of time, stake and string or short cages work fine. For indeterminate varieties, think about a trellising system that will support 10-foot vines or longer by the end of the season. A leader line hanging from a support structure works well for longer vines. Trellising plants allows for air to pass through the understory of the crop and reduces humidity levels around the plant. Just like our basements are prone to mold and mildew when damp air settles, the understory of a heavily-foliaged plants are more prone to fungal and bacterial build-ups when air cannot circulate throughout the plant.

 

For more information or help with your gardening endeavors this season, call the North Carolina Extension office, Rowan County Center at 704-216-8970 and ask to be put in contact with a horticulture agent.